Ivhu remupata une matombo uri nechepakati peAntarctica harina kumbova neutachiona.
Kekutanga, masayendisiti akawana kuti kunoratidzika kunge kusina hupenyu muvhu pamusoro pePasi. Ivhu rinobva mumipata miviri yakapeperetswa nemhepo, ine matombo mukati meAntarctica, mamaira mazana matatu kubva kuSouth Pole, uko zviuru zvemazaya echando zvinopinda mumakomo.
“Vanhu vagara vachifunga kuti utachiona hwakasimba uye hwaigona kugara chero kupi zvako,” anodaro Noah Firer, nyanzvi inoongorora zvipenyu zvepanyika paYunivhesiti yeColorado Boulder ine chikwata chinodzidza nezvevhu. Mushure mezvose, zvipenyu zvine sero rimwe chete zvakawanikwa zvichigara mumhepo inopisa yehydrothermal ine tembiricha inopfuura 200 degrees Fahrenheit, mumadziva ari pasi pehafu yekiromita yechando muAntarctica, uye kunyange 120,000 tsoka pamusoro pePasi stratosphere. Asi mushure megore rebasa, Ferrer nemudzidzi wake wechiremba Nicholas Dragon havasati vawana chero zviratidzo zvehupenyu muvhu reAntarctic ravakaunganidza.
Firer naDragoni vakadzidza ivhu kubva ku11 makomo akasiyana-siyana, anomiririra huwandu hwakawanda hwemamiriro. Idzo dzinobva kunzvimbo dzakaderera uye dzisingatonhori mumakomo dzine mabhakitiriya nefungi. Asi mune mamwe makomo emakomo maviri akareba, akaoma uye anotonhora zvikuru hapana zviratidzo zveupenyu.
"Hatigone kutaura kuti havana mbereko," Ferrer akadaro. Vanamazvikokota vezvinhu zvipenyu vakajaira kuwana mamiriyoni emasero mu teaspoon yevhu. Naizvozvo, nhamba diki kwazvo (eg 100 maseru anoshanda) inogona kunzvenga kuonekwa. "Asi sekuziva kwedu, haana chero hutachiona."
Kunyangwe rimwe ivhu risina hupenyu zvechokwadi kana kuti rakazoonekwa riine mamwe masero akapona, zvitsva zvakaburitswa munguva pfupi yapfuura mujenari JGR Biogeosciences zvinogona kubatsira mukutsvaga hupenyu paMars. Ivhu reAntarctic rinoomesa chando zvachose, rizere nemunyu une muchetura, uye harina kuwana mvura yakawanda yakawanda kwemakore mamiriyoni maviri—yakafanana nevhu reMartian.
Vakaunganidzwa panguva yeNational Science Foundation-yakabhadharwa mari muna Ndira 2018 kunzvimbo dziri kure dzeTransantarctic Mountains. Vanopfuura nepakati pekondinendi, vachiparadzanisa nzvimbo yakakwirira yepolar iri kumabvazuva neaizi yakadzikira kumadokero. Masayendisiti akaisa musasa paShackleton Glacier, bhandi rekutakura remaira makumi matanhatu rechando rinoyerera richidzika nemukaha mumakomo. Vakashandisa zvikopokopo kubhururuka kuenda kunzvimbo dzakakwirira uye kuunganidza sampuli kumusoro nekudzika pasi pechando.
Mumakomo anodziya, anonyorova ari mujinga mechando chechando, angori mazana mashoma emamita pamusoro pemwero wegungwa, vakawana kuti ivhu racho raigarwa nemhuka diki pane sesame: makonye maduku, makumbo masere tardigrades, rotifers nemakonye maduku. inonzi springtails. Zvipembenene zvine mapapiro. Idzi ivhu risina chinhu, rine jecha rine risingasviki chikamu chimwe chechuru chehuwandu hwehutachiona hunowanikwa mumucheka wakacheneswa, hunokwana kupa chikafu kune twupuka twunodya twumwe twuri pasi pedenga.
Asi izvi zviratidzo zvoupenyu zvakanyangarika zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo boka racho rakashanyira makomo marefu mukati-kati meaizi. Pamusoro pegomo rechando, vakashanyira makomo maviri—Mount Schroeder neMount Roberts—ayo akareba mamita anopfuura 7 000.
Shanyo kuSchroeder Mountain dzakanga dziri dzoutsinye, anoyeuka kudaro Byron Adams, nyanzvi yezvinhu zvipenyu paBrigham Young University muProvo, Utah, uyo akatungamirira basa racho. Tembiricha pazuva rino rechirimo iri pedyo ne0°F. Mhepo yaivhuvhuta zvishoma nezvishoma yakabudisa aizi nesinou, ichisiya makomo asina chinhu, tyisidziro yenguva dzose yokusimudza nokukanda mafoshoro ebindu avakanga vauya nawo kuti vachere jecha. Nyika yacho yakafukidzwa nematombo matsvuku emakomo anoputika akakukurwa kwemazana emamiriyoni emakore nemhepo nemvura, achiasiya aine makomba uye akakwenenzverwa.
Masayendisiti paakasimudza dombo racho, akawana kuti hwaro hwaro hwakanga hwakafukidzwa negoko remunyu muchena—makristasi ane chepfu eperchlorate, chlorate, uye nitrate. Perchlorates uye chlorates, corrosive-reactive salts inoshandiswa mu rocket fuel uye industry bleach, inowanikwawo muhuwandu pamusoro peMars. Pasina mvura yokugeza, munyu unoungana paaya makomo akaoma eAntarctic.
"Zvakafanana nesampling paMars," Adams akadaro. Kana ukapinza foshoro, “unoziva kuti ndiwe chinhu chokutanga kuvhiringa ivhu zvachose—zvichida mamiriyoni emakore.”
Vatsvakurudzi vakakurudzira kuti kunyange munzvimbo dzakakwirira kudaro uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru, vaizowana utachiona hupenyu muvhu. Asi izvo zvinotarisirwa zvakatanga kupera mukupera kwa2018, apo Dragoni yakashandisa nzira inonzi polymerase chain reaction (PCR) kuona microbial DNA mutsvina. Dhiragoni yakaedza 204 samples kubva kumakomo kumusoro uye pasi pe glacier. Mienzaniso kubva kumakomo akaderera, anotonhorera akaburitsa huwandu hwakawanda hweDNA; asi sampuli zhinji (20%) kubva kunzvimbo dzakakwirira, kusanganisira dzakawanda kubva kuGomo reSchroeder naRoberts Massif, hadzina kuongororwa chero mhinduro, zvichiratidza kuti dzaive nema microorganisms mashoma kana kuti pamwe hapana zvachose.
“Paakatanga kundiratidza zvakabuda, ndakafunga kuti, ‘Pane chakaipa,’” akadaro Ferrell. Akafunga kuti panofanira kunge paine chakashata nesample kana mudziyo welab.
Dragon yakabva yaita nhevedzano yekuwedzera kuyedza kutsvaga zviratidzo zvehupenyu. Aichenesa ivhu neglucose kuti aone kana zvimwe zvipenyu zvaiva muvhu zvaichinja kuva carbon dioxide. Aiedza kutsvaga kemikari inonzi ATP, iyo inoshandiswa nehupenyu hwese pasi pano kuchengetedza simba. Kwemwedzi yakati wandei, airima zvidimbu zvevhu mumisanganiswa yezvokudya zvakasiyana-siyana, achiedza kunyengerera tupukanana turipo kuti tikure kuita mapoka.
"Nick akakanda singi yekicheni pamasampuli aya," Ferrell akadaro. Pasinei nemiedzo yose iyi, haana chaakawana mune mamwe mavhu. "Zvinoshamisa chaizvo."
Jacqueline Gurdial, nyanzvi yezvakatipoteredza microbiologist paYunivhesiti yeGuelph kuCanada, anodana mhedzisiro "inokwezva," kunyanya kuedza kwaDragoni kuona kuti ndezvipi zvinhu zvinopesvedzera mukana wekuwana hutachiona munzvimbo yakapihwa. Akaona kuti kukwirira kwepamusoro uye kukwirisa kweklorate kwaive kwakasimba kufanotaura kwekutadza kuona hupenyu. "Ichi chinhu chinonakidza kuwanikwa," Goodyear akadaro. "Izvi zvinotiudza zvakawanda nezve miganhu yehupenyu paPasi."
Haana kugutsikana zvachose kuti ivhu ravo harina hupenyu, zvimwe nekuda kwezviitiko zvake mune imwe nzvimbo yeAntarctica.
Makore akati kuti apfuura, akadzidza ivhu kubva munzvimbo yakafanana muMakomo eTransantarctic, nzvimbo iri mamaira mazana mashanu kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweShackleton Glacier inonzi University Valley iyo inogona kunge isina kunyorova kana kunyungudika kwekushisa kwemakore 120,000. Paakaifukura kwemwedzi 20 pa23°F, tembiricha yechirimo mubani iri, ivhu harina kuratidza kuti kune upenyu. Asi paakapisa ivhu madhigirii mashoma pamusoro pechando, mamwe airatidza kukura kwebhakitiriya.
Somuenzaniso, masayendisiti akawana kuti masero ebhakitiriya anoramba ari mapenyu kunyange pashure pezviuru zvemakore ari mumatope echando. Pavanenge vabatwa, kushandiswa kwemetabolism kwesero kunogona kudzikira kanosvika miriyoni. Vanoenda kune imwe nyika yavasingachakuri, asi kungogadzirisa kukuvara kweDNA kunokonzerwa nemwaranzi ye cosmic inopinda muchando. Goodyear anofungidzira kuti ava "vanopona vanononoka" vanogona kunge vari ivo vaakawana muCollege Valley-anofungidzira kuti kana Dragone naFirer vakaongorora 10 nguva yakawanda yevhu, vangave vakawana muRoberts Massif kana Schroeder Mountain.
Brent Christner, anodzidza nezveAntarctic microbes paYunivhesiti yeFlorida muGainesville, anotenda kuti ivhu repamusoro-soro, rakaomarara rinogona kubatsira kuvandudza kutsvaga kwehupenyu paMars.
Akataura kuti chitundumuseremusere cheViking 1 neViking 2, icho chakamhara paMars muna 1976, chakaita ongororo yekuona upenyu hwakavakirwa muchikamu chezvidzidzo zvevhu rakadzikira pedyo nemhenderekedzo yeAntarctica, nharaunda inonzi Mipata Yakaoma. Mamwe eivhu aya anonyorova kubva kumeltwater muzhizha. Izvo zvine kwete chete ma microorganisms, asi mune dzimwe nzvimbo kune madiki makonye uye dzimwe mhuka.
Mukupesana, ivhu rakakwirira, rakaoma reMount Roberts neMount Schroeder rinogona kupa nzvimbo dzokuedza dziri nani dzezviridzwa zveMartian.
"Pamusoro peMars yakaipa kwazvo," Christner akadaro. “Hapana chinhu chipenyu chiri paPasi chinogona kurarama chiri pamusoro”—inenge inji yepamusoro kana maviri. Chero chitundumuseremusere chinoenda ikoko chichitsvaga hupenyu chinofanirwa kunge chakagadzirira kushanda mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzakaoma kwazvo paPasi.
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