Purofesa Tiffany Shaw, Purofesa, Dhipatimendi reGeoscience, University of Chicago
Nzvimbo yekumaodzanyemba inzvimbo ine mhirizhonga.Mhepo dziri munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakatsanangurwa se "kudzvova madhigirii makumi mana", "hasha madhigirii makumi mashanu", uye "kuridza madhigirii makumi matanhatu".Mafungu anosvika pakakwirira 78 tsoka (24 metres).
Sezvatinoziva tose, hapana chinhu chiri muNorthern Hemisphere chinogona kufanana nemadutu makuru, mhepo nemafungu ari kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere.Sei?
Muchidzidzo chitsva chakabudiswa muProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, ini nevandinoshanda navo tinoona kuti nei madutu achinyanya kuwanda kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere kupfuura kuchamhembe.
Tichibatanidza mitsara yakati wandei yehumbowo kubva mukuona, dzidziso, uye mamiriro ekunze, mhedzisiro yedu inonongedza kune yakakosha basa repasi rose remakungwa "mabhandi ekutakura" uye makomo makuru ari kuchamhembe kwehemisphere.
Tinoratidzawo kuti, nekufamba kwenguva, madutu murutivi rwezasi rwehemisphere akava akanyanya, nepo ayo ari kuchamhembe kwehemisphere haana.Izvi zvinoenderana nemuenzaniso wemamiriro ekunze ekudziya kwepasi rose.
Shanduko idzi dzine basa nekuti tinoziva kuti madutu ane simba anogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya semhepo yakanyanyisa, tembiricha uye kunaya kwemvura.
Kwenguva refu, kucherechedzwa kwakawanda kwemamiriro ekunze paPasi kwakaitwa kubva panyika.Izvi zvakapa masayendisiti mufananidzo wakajeka wedutu riri kuchamhembe kwehemisphere.Zvisinei, muSouthern Hemisphere, iyo inofukidza inenge 20 muzana yenyika, hatina kuwana mufananidzo wakajeka wemadutu kutozosvikira kucherekedza kwesatellite kwava kuwanikwa mukupera kwema1970.
Kubva pamakumi emakore ekucherechedza kubva pakatanga nguva yesatellite, tinoziva kuti madutu ari kuzasi kwehemisphere ane simba rinenge 24 muzana kupfuura ayo ari kuNorthern Hemisphere.
Izvi zvinoratidzwa pamepu iri pazasi, inoratidza avhareji yeavhareji yemhepo yegore negore kuMaodzanyemba kweNyika (kumusoro), Northern Hemisphere (pakati) nemusiyano uripo pakati pawo (pasi) kubva muna 1980 kusvika 2018. (Cherechedza kuti South Pole iri pa pamusoro pekuenzanisa pakati pemepu yekutanga neyekupedzisira.)
Mepu inoratidza kuramba kwakanyanyisa kukwira kwemadutu muSouthern Ocean kuMaodzanyemba kweNyika uye kunyura kwaakaita muPacific neAtlantic Oceans (yakafukidzwa neorenji) muNorthern Hemisphere.Mepu yemusiyano inoratidza kuti madutu ane simba kuSouthern Hemisphere pane kuNorthern Hemisphere (orenji shading) munzvimbo dzakawanda.
Kunyange zvazvo kune dzidziso dzakawanda dzakasiyana, hapana anopa tsananguro yakajeka yemutsauko wemadutu pakati pemahemispheres maviri.
Kutsvaga zvikonzero kunoratidzika kunge ibasa rakaoma.Nzira yekunzwisisa sei hurongwa hwakaoma kudaro hunotora zviuru zvemakiromita semhepo?Hatigoni kuisa Nyika muhari toidzidza.Nekudaro, izvi ndizvo chaizvo zviri kuitwa nemasayendisiti anodzidza fizikisi yemamiriro ekunze.Isu tinoshandisa mitemo yefizikisi uye tinoishandisa kunzwisisa mhepo yePasi uye mamiriro ekunze.
Muenzaniso unonyanya kuzivikanwa weiyi nzira ibasa rekutanga raDr. Shuro Manabe, uyo akagamuchira Mubayiro weNobel weFizikisiki wa2021 “nokuda kwekufanotaura kwakavimbika kwekudziya kwepasi.”Kufembera kwaro kunobva pamhando dzemamiriro ekunze ePasi, kubva pamhando dzetembiricha dzakareruka-dimensional kusvika kune yakazara-matatu-dimensional modhi.Iyo inodzidza mhinduro yemamiriro ekunze ekukwira kwekabhoni dhaidhi mumhepo kuburikidza nemhando dzemhando dzakasiyana dzekuoma kwemuviri uye inotarisisa masaini ari kubuda kubva pasi pezviitiko zvemuviri.
Kuti tinzwisise mamwe madutu muSouthern Hemisphere, takaunganidza humbowo hwakati wandei, kusanganisira data kubva kumhando dzemamiriro ekunze dzinoenderana nefizikisi.Muchinhanho chekutanga, tinodzidza zvakacherechedzwa maererano nekugoverwa kwesimba kuPasi rose.
Sezvo Nyika iri bhora, huso hwayo hunogamuchira mwaranzi yezuva zvisina kuenzana kubva kuZuva.Simba rakawanda rinogamuchirwa uye rinotorwa paequator, apo mwaranzi yezuva inorova pamusoro chaipo.Kusiyana neizvi, mapango anoroverwa nechiedza pamawere anowana simba shoma.
Makumi emakore ekutsvagisa kwakaratidza kuti simba redutu rinobva mukusiyana uku kwesimba.Chaizvoizvo, vanoshandura "static" simba rakachengetwa mumusiyano uyu kuita "kinetic" simba rekufamba.Kuchinja uku kunoitika kuburikidza nenzira inozivikanwa se "baroclinic instability".
Maonero aya anoratidza kuti chiedza chezuva hachigoni kutsanangura nhamba huru yemadutu muNyika Yekumaodzanyemba, sezvo mativi ose ari maviri ehemisphere achiwana chiedza chezuva chakaenzana.Pane kudaro, kuongorora kwedu kwekucherechedza kunoratidza kuti mutsauko wekusimba kwemhepo pakati pekumaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe unogona kunge uri nekuda kwezvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana.
Kutanga, kutakurwa kwesimba remugungwa, kazhinji kunonzi "conveyor belt."Mvura inonyura pedyo neNorth Pole, inoyerera ichitevedza pasi pegungwa, yosimuka ichipoterera Antarctica, yoyerera ichidzokera kuchamhembe ichitevedza equator, ichitakura simba nayo.Mhedzisiro ndeyekufambiswa kwesimba kubva kuAntarctica kuenda kuNorth Pole.Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nemusiyano mukuru wesimba pakati peequator nemapango ari kuMaodzanyemba kweNyika kupfuura muNorthern Hemisphere, zvichikonzera madutu makuru kuMaodzanyemba kweNyika.
Chechipiri makomo makuru ari kuchamhembe kwehemisphere, ayo, sezvakakarakadzwa nebhuku raManabe rapakuvamba, anonyudza madutu.Mhepo dzemhepo pamusoro pemakomo makuru dzinogadzira nzvimbo dzakakwirira uye dzakaderera dzinoderedza kuwanda kwesimba rinowanikwa kune madutu.
Nekudaro, kuongororwa kwe data rakacherechedzwa chete hakugone kusimbisa zvikonzero izvi, nekuti zvinhu zvakawandisa zvinoshanda uye zvinopindirana panguva imwe chete.Zvakare, isu hatigone kusarura zvikonzero zvega zvekuyedza kukosha kwavo.
Kuti tiite izvi, tinofanira kushandisa mienzaniso yemamiriro ekunze kuti tidzidze kuti madutu anochinja sei kana zvinhu zvakasiyana zvabviswa.
Patakagadzirisa makomo epasi mukufananidza, mutsauko wekusimba kwedutu pakati pehemispheres wakaita nepakati.Patakabvisa bhandi regungwa rekutakura, imwe hafu yemusiyano wedutu yakanga yaenda.Nokudaro, kekutanga, tinofumura tsananguro yakasimba yemadutu ari kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere.
Sezvo madutu achibatanidzwa nekukanganisika kwakanyanya kwevanhu semhepo yakanyanyisa, tembiricha uye kunaya kwemvura, mubvunzo wakakosha watinofanira kupindura ndewekuti madutu emangwana achave akasimba here kana kuti asina simba.
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Chishandiso chakakosha mukugadzirira nzanga kuti dzirarame nemhedzisiro yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze kupihwa kwekufanotaura kunoenderana nemamiriro ekunze.Chidzidzo chitsva chinoratidza kuti avhareji yemadutu ekumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere achawedzera kusimba kusvika pakupera kwezana ramakore.
Mukupesana, kuchinja muavhareji yegore negore kusimba kwemadutu muNorthern Hemisphere inofanotaurwa kuva ine mwero.Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekukwikwidzana kwemwaka pakati pekudziya munzvimbo dzinopisa, izvo zvinoita kuti madutu ave nesimba, uye nekukurumidza kudziya kweArctic, izvo zvinoita kuti dzisasimba.
Zvisinei, mamiriro ekunze epano uye iye zvino ari kuchinja.Kana tikatarisa shanduko mumakumi mashoma emakore apfuura, tinoona kuti avhareji yemadutu akawedzera zvakanyanya mukati megore kumaodzanyemba kwehemisphere, nepo shanduko yekuchamhembe kwehemisphere yave isingaite, inopindirana nekufanotaura kwemamiriro ekunze panguva imwe chete. .
Kunyangwe iwo mamodheru achirerutsa chiratidzo, anoratidza shanduko dziri kuitika nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakafanana zvemuviri.Kureva kuti kuchinja kwemugungwa kunowedzera madutu nokuti mvura inodziya inofamba ichienda kuequator uye mvura inotonhora inounzwa pamusoro peAntarctica kuti itsive, zvichiita kuti pave nemusiyano wakasimba pakati peequator nemapango.
MuNorthern Hemisphere, kuchinja kwegungwa kunogadziriswa nekuparara kweaizi nechando mugungwa, zvichiita kuti Arctic itore chiedza chezuva chakawanda uye kuita kuti musiyano uripo pakati peequator nemapango.
Nhanho dzekuwana mhinduro chaiyo dzakakwirira.Zvichava zvakakosha kubasa remangwana kuti uone kuti sei mienzaniso isingatarisi chiratidzo chakaonekwa, asi zvichave zvakakosha zvakaenzana kuwana mhinduro yakarurama nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakanaka zvemuviri.
Xiao, T. nevamwe.(2022) Dutu muSouthern Hemisphere nekuda kwemaitiro epasi uye kutenderera kwegungwa, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences yeUnited States of America, doi: 10.1073/pnas.2123512119
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