The Third Pole ipuratifomu yemitauro yakawanda yakatsaurirwa kunzwisisa nyaya dzemvura uye zvakatipoteredza muAsia.
Tinokukurudzira kuti utsikisezve Iyo Third Pole pamhepo kana kudhindwa pasi perezinesi reCreative Commons.Ndokumbira uverenge gwara redu rekudhindisa patsva kuti utange.
Kwemwedzi mishoma yapfuura, hutsi hwanga huchikwira kubva kumachimi makuru kunze kweguta reMeerut muUttar Pradesh.Zvigayo zveshuga kuchamhembe kweIndia zvinogadzira bhandi refu rekutakurisa remashanga ane fibrous panguva yekukuya nzimbe, kubva muna Gumiguru kusvika Kubvumbi.Marara echirimwa akanyorova anopiswa kubudisa magetsi, uye utsi hunovapo hunorembera pamusoro penyika.Zvisinei, pasinei zvapo nokuita sebasa, kugoverwa kwenzimbe kudyisa indasitiri yacho kuri kuderera chaizvoizvo.
Arun Kumar Singh, ane makore makumi matatu nemashanu ekuberekwa murimi wenzimbe anobva kumusha weNanglamal, chinhambwe chehafu yeawa kubva kuMeerut, ane hanya.Mumwaka wekurima wa2021-2022, chirimwa chenzimbe chaSingh chakaderedzwa nechikamu chinosvika 30% - anowanzotarisira 140,000 kg papurazi rake rine mahekita mashanu, asi gore rapfuura akawana zviuru zana.
Singh akapomera rekodhi yekupisa kwegore rapfuura, mwaka wekunaya kwemvura uye kupararira kwezvipembenene ndiko kukonzera kushomeka kwegoho.Kudiwa kukuru kwenzimbe kuri kukurudzira varimi kuti varime mbesa itsva, dzinopa goho guru asi dzisingachinjike, vakadaro.Vachinongedzera kumunda wavo vakati, “Mhuka iyi yakatanga kutanga makore masere apfuura uye inoda mvura yakawanda gore negore.Chero zvazvingava, mvura haikwani munzvimbo yedu.”
Nharaunda yakatenderedza Nanglamala inzvimbo yekugadzira ethanol kubva kushuga uye iri munzvimbo huru yeIndia inogadzira nzimbe.Asi muUttar Pradesh uye mhiri kweIndia, kurimwa kwenzimbe kuri kudzikira.Zvichakadaro, hurumende yepakati inoda kuti magiyo eshuga ashandise nzimbe yakasara kugadzira ethanol yakawanda.
Ethanol inogona kuwanikwa kubva petrochemical esters kana kubva kunzimbe, chibage uye zviyo, inozivikanwa sebioethanol kana biofuels.Nekuda kwekuti zvirimwa izvi zvinogona kuvandudzwa, biofuel inoiswa muchikamu chesimba rinogoneka.
India inogadzira shuga yakawanda kupfuura yainopedza.Mumwaka we2021-22 yakaburitsa 39.4 miriyoni matani eshuga.Sekureva kwehurumende, kushandiswa mudzimba kunosvika 26 miriyoni matani pagore.Kubva 2019, India yanga ichirwisa glut yeshuga nekutengesa kunze kwenyika yakawanda (matani anopfuura mamirioni gumi gore rapfuura), asi makurukota anoti zviri nani kuishandisa kugadzira ethanol sezvo zvichireva kuti mafekitori anogona kukurumidza kugadzira.Bhadhara uye uwane mari yakawanda.kuyerera.
India inopinzawo mafuta emafuta akawanda: mamirioni zana nemakumi masere neshanu matani epeturu muna 2020-2021 anokosha mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu neshanu emadhora, sekureva kwemushumo wakaitwa nedunhu rekufunga Niti Aayog.Naizvozvo, kusanganisa ethanol nepeturu kunorongwa senzira yekushandisa shuga, isingadyiwe mudzimba, uchiwana rusununguko rwesimba.Niti Aayog anofungidzira kuti 20:80 musanganiswa we ethanol uye peturu ichachengetedza nyika mari inosvika madhora mabhiriyoni mana pagore ne 2025. Gore rakapera, India yakashandisa 3.6 mamiriyoni ematani, kana anenge 9 muzana, yeshuga yekugadzira ethanol, uye inoronga kusvika 4.5-5 miriyoni matani muna 2022-2023.
Muna 2003, Hurumende yeIndia yakatanga chirongwa che ethanol-blended peturu (EBP) nechinangwa chekutanga che5% ethanol musanganiswa.Parizvino, ethanol inogadzira inenge 10 muzana yemusanganiswa.Hurumende yeIndia yakatara tarisiro yekusvika makumi maviri muzana panosvika 2025-2026, uye mutemo uyu ndewekuhwina sezvo "uchabatsira India kusimbisa kuchengetedza kwesimba, kubvumira mabhizinesi emuno nevarimi kutora chikamu muhupfumi hwemagetsi uye kuderedza. utsi hwemotokari.”kugadzwa kwemafekitori eshuga nekuwedzera, kubvira 2018 hurumende yanga ichipa chirongwa cherubatsiro uye rubatsiro rwemari nenzira yezvikwereti.
"Zvinhu zve ethanol zvinokurudzira kupisa kwakakwana uye kuderedza kubuda kwemotokari senge hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide uye zvikamu," hurumende yakadaro, ichiwedzera kuti 20 muzana ye ethanol musanganiswa mumotokari ine mavhiri mana inocheka carbon monoxide inobuda ne30 muzana uye kuderedza hydrocarbon. zvinobuda.ne30%.20% zvichienzaniswa nepeturu.
Kana yapiswa, ethanol inoburitsa 20-40% yakaderera CO2 emissions pane yakajairika mafuta uye inogona kunzi kabhoni isina kwayakarerekera sezvo zvirimwa zvinotora CO2 sezvazvinokura.
Nekudaro, nyanzvi dzinoyambira kuti izvi zvinofuratira kuburitsa gasi regreenhouse mu ethanol supply chain.Ongororo yeUS biofuel gore rapfuura yakawana kuti ethanol inogona kusvika 24% yakawanda kabhoni pane peturu nekuda kwekubuda kwekuchinja-kushandiswa kwevhu, kuwedzera kushandiswa kwefetereza uye kukuvara kweecosystem.Kubva 2001, 660,000 mahekita evhu muIndia akashandurwa kuita nzimbe, maererano nehuwandu hwehurumende.
"Ethanol inogona kunge iine carbon-intensive semafuta emafuta nekuda kwekubuda kwekabhoni kubva kukuchinja kwekushandiswa kwevhu kwezvirimwa, kuvandudzwa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura uye nzira yese yekugadzira ethanol," akadaro Devinder Sharma, nyanzvi yezvekurima nekutengeserana.“Tarisa kuGermany.Mushure mekuona izvi, monocultures ikozvino yaora mwoyo. "
Nyanzvi dziri kutyirawo kuti kuda kushandisa nzimbe kugadzira ethanol kunogona kukanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu.
Sudhir Panwar, nyanzvi yezvekurima uye aichimbova mutezo weState Planning Commission yeUttar Pradesh, akataura kuti sezvo mutengo wenzimbe uchatsamira zvikuru paoiri, “uchanzi chirimwa chesimba.”Vanoti izvi “zvichaita kuti kurima zvirimwa zviwande izvo zvinoita kuti ivhu risaore zvoita kuti mbesa dzibatwe netumbuyu.Zvichakonzerawo kushaikwa kwechikafu sezvo ivhu nemvura zvichange zvichitsauswa kune zvirimwa zvesimba.”
MuUttar Pradesh, vakuru veIndia Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) uye varimi venzimbe veUttar Pradesh vakaudza The Third Pole kuti matura makuru epasi haasi kushandiswa nzimbe kuti asangane nekukura kuri kuda.Pane kudaro, vanoti kuwedzera kwechirimwa kunouya nekurasikirwa kwemari iripo uye kurima kwakanyanya.
Sonjoy Mohanty, CEO weISMA, akati kuwedzera kweshuga kuIndia kunoreva kuti "kusvika pa20% musanganiswa we ethanol chinangwa hachizove dambudziko.""Kuenda mberi, chinangwa chedu hachisi chekuwedzera nzvimbo yevhu, asi kuwedzera kugadzirwa kuti kuwedzere kugadzirwa," akawedzera.
Nepo rubatsiro rwehurumende uye mitengo yakakwira ethanol yakabatsira magiyo eshuga, murimi weNanglamal Arun Kumar Singh akati varimi havana kubatsirwa nemutemo uyu.
Nzimbe dzinowanzorimwa kubva pakucheka uye goho rinodzikira mushure memakore mashanu kusvika manomwe.Sezvo zvigayo zveshuga zvinoda huwandu hwakakura hwesucrose, varimi vanorayirwa kuti vachinje kumarudzi matsva uye kushandisa fetereza yemakemikari nemishonga yezvipembenene.
Singh akati pamusoro pekukuvadzwa kwemamiriro ekunze sekupisa kwegore rapfuura, mhando yemunda wake, iyo inorimwa kuIndia yose, inoda fetereza yakawanda nemishonga gore rega rega.“Nekuda kwekuti ndakamwaya kamwe chete pachirimwa, dzimwe nguva kanopfuura kamwe chete, ndakamwaya kanomwe gore rino,” akadaro.
“Bhodhoro remushonga wezvipembenene rinoita $22 uye rinoshanda pamunda unokwana maeka matatu.Ndine [maeka makumi matatu] evhu uye ndinofanira kumwaya kanomwe kana kasere mwaka uno.Hurumende inogona kuwedzera purofiti yemiti ye ethanol, asi chii chatinowana.Mutengo wenzimbe wakafanana, $4 per cent [100kg],” akadaro Sundar Tomar, mumwe murimi wekuNanglamal.
Sharma akati kugadzirwa kwenzimbe kwapedza mvura yepasi kumadokero kweUttar Pradesh, dunhu riri kusangana nekunaya kwemvura nekusanaya kwemvura.Indasitiri inosvibisawo nzizi nokurasa zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiana mumikoto yemvura: zvigayo zveshuga ndizvo zvitubu zvakakura zvemvura inoraswa munyika.Nekufamba kwenguva, izvi zvichaita kuti zviome kurima zvimwe zvirimwa, Sharma akadaro, achityisidzira zvakananga kuchengetedzeka kwekudya kweIndia.
"MuMaharashtra, nyika yechipiri pakukura kwenzimbe, 70 muzana yemvura yekudiridza inoshandiswa kurima nzimbe, inova chikamu che4 muzana chezvirimwa zvehurumende," akadaro.
“Takatanga kugadzira marita 37 miriyoni eethanol pagore uye tawana mvumo yekuwedzera kurimwa.Kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwakaunza mari yakagadzikana kuvarimi.Isu takachenesawo inenge yese yemvura yakasviba yechirimwa ichi, "akadaro Rajendra Kandpal, CEO., Nanglamal sugar factory kutsanangura.
“Tinoda kudzidzisa varimi kuti vasashandise fetereza yemakemikari nemishonga yezvipfukuto vochinja voshandisa madiridziro edrip kana masprinkler.Kana iri nzimbe, iyo inodya mvura yakawanda, ichi hachisi chikonzero chekunetseka, sezvo nyika yeUttar Pradesh yakapfuma mumvura. "Izvi zvakataurwa neIndia Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) Abinash Verma, aimbova CEO.Verma yakagadzira nekuita mutemo wepakati wehurumende pashuga, nzimbe uye ethanol, uye yakavhura yayo yezviyo ethanol chirimwa muBihar muna 2022.
Tichifunga nezvemishumo yokuderera kurimwa kwenzimbe muIndia, Panwar akanyevera kuti tisadzokorora zvakaitika muBrazil muna 2009-2013, apo mamiriro okunze asina kunaka akaita kuti nzimbe dziderere uye kuderedza kugadzirwa kwe ethanol.
"Hatigone kutaura kuti ethanol ishamwari yezvakatipoteredza, tichifunga nezvese mari iyo nyika inofanirwa kugadzira ethanol, kudzvanywa kwezviwanikwa uye kukanganisa hutano hwevarimi," akadaro Panwar.
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