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Chelsea Wold ndeyemutongi akasununguka kubva munhau yehasha, Netherlands uye munyori wezuva rekusuwa: kufadza kwepasi rose kuti uchinje zvimbudzi.
Nyanzvi dzakasarudzika dzechimbuzi dzinobvisa nitrogen nutramende uye zvimwe zvinovaka muviri kubva kune urini yekushandisa senge fetiraiza uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa. Image Chikwereti: Mak / Georg Mayer / Eoos Inotevera
Gotland, Sweden Chitsuwa chikuru, chine mvura nyowani nyowani. Panguva imwecheteyo, vagari vanokwira nemazinga ane njodzi kubva pakusvibiswa kubva pakurima uye masisitimu ekurima ari kukonzera zvinokuvadza alggal maruva akatenderedza Baltic Gungwa. Vanogona kuuraya hove uye voita kuti vanhu varware.
Kubatsira kugadzirisa iyi nhevedzano matambudziko, chitsuwa chiri kupenyera tariro pane chimwe chinhu chisingafarire chinovasunga: urini vanhu.
Kutanga muna 2021, timu yekutsvagisa yakatanga kushanda nekambani yemunharaunda iyo inotanga zvimbuzi zvinotakurika. Chinangwa ndechekuunganidza zvinopfuura makumi manomwe emarita emakwenzi anopfuura matatu-gore nguva mune isina mvura manhamba uye zvimbudzi zvakatsaurwa pane akawanda nzvimbo panguva yemwaka weshizha. Chikwata chakabva kuSweden yunivhesiti yeScientural Scientural Science (SLU) muUppsala, iyo yadzvanya kambani inonzi Sanzitation360. Kushandisa maitiro evaongorori, vakaomesa urini vachiita kongiri-kunge chunks, iyo yavanobva yatanga kuita hupfu uye yakamanikidzwa kuita fetiraiza granules iyo inokwana midziyo yepurazi. Varimi vemuno vanoshandisa fetiraiza kuti vakure bhari, iyo yaburitswa kune breweres kuti igadzire ale inogona kudzokera mukutenderera mushure mekushandisa.
Prithvi Simha, Chemical Injiniya kuSluinwe, Chinangwa ndechekupa muenzaniso unogona kuiswa pasi rese. "Chinangwa chedu ndechedu munhu wese, kwese kwese, kuita chiitiko ichi."
Mukuedza muHoinland, urini-yakanyorwa bhari (kurudyi) yakafananidzwa nezvibereko zvisina kufanira (pakati) uye nemineral fettilizer (kuruboshwe). Image Chikwereti: Jenna SeneCal.
Iyo Gotland chirongwa chimwe chikamu chekuedza kwakafanana nekuparadzanisa urini kubva kune mamwe marara uye kudzoreredza kuita zvigadzirwa senge fetiraiza. Tsika iyi, inozivikanwa seyakadzika mapoka, iri kudzidzwa nemapoka muUnited States, Australia, Switzerland, Itiopia, neSouth Africa, pakati pevamwe. Izvi zvinoedza kuenda kure kupfuura dzidziso yunivhesiti. Zvirongwa zvisina mvura zvakabatana kune basement disement system kumahofisi muOregon neNetherlands. Paris anoronga kuisa urini-ekudzidzira zvimbuzi mune chiuru-mugari wecozone kuvakwa muguta remakore gumi nemana. Iyo European Space Agency ichaisa makumi masere zvimbuzi pamadzimbahwe aro eparisquarters, ayo achazotanga mashandiro gare gare gore rino. Urini Diversion Vanotsigira vanoti izvi zvinogona kuwana kushandiswa munzvimbo dzinobva kumisikidzwa nemauto emukati kumisasa yevapoteri, nzvimbo dzakapfuma dzemumaguta uye sprawling slums.
Masayendisiti anoti iyo urini kusiyanisa, kana kuiswa pachiyero chikuru pasi rese, aigona kuunza zvikomborero zvikuru kune zvakatipoteredza uye hutano hweveruzhinji. Izvi ndezvekuti Urine akapfuma mune zvinovaka muviri zvisina kusvibisa miviri yemvura uye inogona kushandiswa kuti ishandise zvirimwa kana mumaindasitiri maindasitiri. Simha fungidziro iyo vanhu inoburitsa urini yakakwana kutsiva kotara yekota yenyika yeNyika notrogen ne phosphate fetiezer; Iyo ine zvakare potassium uye akawanda anoteedzera zvinhu (ona "mapoka ari muhudyu"). Zvakanakisa zvezvose, nekusatora urini pasi dhizaini, iwe unochengetedza mvura yakawanda uye kuderedza mutoro kune kuchembera uye kwakanyanya kusakura system.
Zvinoenderana neunyanzvi mumunda, zvakawanda zvehurongwa zvinhu zvekusiyanisa zvinhu zvinogona kuve nekukurumidza zviripo kuti titendere kufambira mberi mumidziyo yezvibereko uye urini maratidziro ekurasa. Asi kune zvakare zvipingamupinyi zvikuru nekuchinja kwakakosha mune imwe yezvinhu zvakakosha zvehupenyu. Vatsvagiri nemakambani anofanirwa kugadzirisa zvigunwe zvematambudziko, kubva mukuvandudza dhizaini yemiline-yekudzidzira zvimbudzi kugadzira urini zviri nyore kuita uye kutendeukira mune zvakakosha zvigadzirwa. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira zvemakemikari kurapwa zvakabatana kune zvimbudzi zvekurapa kana zvivakwa zvepabati zvinoshandira chivakwa chose uye nekupa basa rekupora uye kuiswa kwechigadzirwa chakasimbiswa kana chakaomeswa Uyezve, pane nyaya dzinokura dzekushandurwa kwemagariro uye kugamuchirwa, dzakabatanidzwa kune madhigirii akasiyana ematare etsika dzakabatana nekutsveneswa kwemunhu uye nekumagungano akadzika-pakafunuka kwemvura ine marara uye zvekudya.
Sezvo nzanga inosangana nekushomeka kwesimba, mvura, uye zvishandiso zvekurima uye indasitiri, "anodaro biologist lynn blockdus, misheni-yakavakirwa mari yekubatira. . "Genre kuti ichawedzera kuwedzera kukosha. Minnesota, aive iye aive mutungamiri wenyika yeAquatic Federation yeAlexandria, Va., Musangano wepasi rose wemhando yemvura. "Chaizvoizvo chimwe chinhu chakakosha."
Pane imwe nguva, urini yaive chinhu chakakosha. Munguva yakapfuura, dzimwe nzanga dzakashandisa kurima zvirimwa, ita ganda, geza nguo, uye gadzira pfuti. Ipapo, mukupera kwe19 uye kutanga kwemazana emakore, muenzaniso wemazuva ano, wekusangana nemavhaka wemagetsi wakamuka muGreat Britain uye nekupararira pasi rese, zvichidudzira mune zvinonzi bofu.
Mumuenzaniso uyu, zvimbuzi zvinoshandisa mvura kukurumidza kuderedza urini, ndove, uye chimbuzi chepa pasi dhayeti, yakasanganiswa nedzimwe mvura kubva mumatare, uye dzimwe nguva dutu remadutu. Mune Centraled marara ekurapa kurapwa zvidyarwa, magetsi-masimba mashandisiro anoshandisa microorganisms kurapa marara.
Zvichienderana nemitemo yemunharaunda uye mamiriro ekurapa kwekurapa, yakasvibiswa yakasviba kubva pachiitiko ichi inogona kunge ichine huwandu hwakakosha hwe nitrogen uye zvimwe zvinovaka muviri, pamwe nezvimwe zvinosvibiswa. 57% yehuwandu hwenyika haina kubatana kune yakanyorwa seyakagadziriswa system zvachose (ona "Sewage Man").
Masayendisiti ari kushanda kuti agadzire masisitimu akaenzana akawedzera uye asinganyanye kusvibiswa, asi kutanga neSweden muma1990, vamwe vaongorori vari kusundira shanduko dzakakosha. Kufambira mberi pakupera kwepombi kune "kumwezve kumwe kushanduka kwechinhu chakafanana nechinhu chakafanana," akadaro Nancy Love, Injiniya Injanji kuYunivhesiti yeMichigan kuna Ann Arbor. Kutsausa urini kuchave "kushandurwa," anodaro. Mukudzidza 1, iyo yakafungidzirwa manejimendi masisitimu muUS States Ivo vanofungidzira kuti nharaunda dzichishandisa urivition dzinosvika pakukwira kwegirini dzegirini ne77%, simba rekushandisa ne41% Tekinoroji inoshandiswa.
Nekudaro, pfungwa inoenderera niche uye inonyanya kusimbiswa kunzvimbo dzakazvimiririra senge scandinavia eco-misha, dzimba dzekutuka, uye zviitiko munzvimbo dzine mari yakawanda.
Tove larsen, mainjiniya emakemikari kuSwiss Federal Institute yeAquhic Science uye Technology (eaag) muDübendorf, anodaro yakawanda yemusana inokonzerwa nezviumbwa pachavo. Chekutanga kuunzwa kumusika muma1990 uye 2000s, vazhinji vekurongedza zvimbudzi zvine mwero madiki pamberi pavo kuti vatore mvura, mamiriro ezvinhu anoda zvekungwarira. Mamwe madhiri anosanganisira mabhandi ekutora tsoka anobvumidza urini kuti aenderane sezvo humbowo hunotakurwa kuenda kuCompost Bin, kana sensors iyo inoshanda mavharuvhu kuti urege kubva kune yakaparadzaniswa.
Chimbudzi prototype chinoparadzanisa urini uye chinooma mune hupfu zviri kuedzwa pamisoro yemvura yemvura yeSweden uye sewer Company VA SED MUMMMANON VA SYD muMalmö. Mufananidzo wechikwereti: eoos inotevera
Asi mumabasa ekuedza uye ekuratidzira ari muEurope, vanhu havana kumbobvuma kushandiswa kwavo, Larsen akati, kunyunyuta kuti vakanyanya bulky, anonhuwirira uye asina kuvimbika. "Isu takanyatso bviswa nemusoro wenyaya."
Izvi zvine chekuita nekusanetseka kwekutanga kusashandiswa kwehuremu hwekushandiswa kwe urini-kudzidzisa, chirongwa muguta reSouth Africa reEthekwini mune iyo 2000s. Anthony odili, uyo anodzidza hutano eYwunducu-native muDurban Officiodhi yeGuta, adzisiriro dzevarambi vachitora nzvimbo dzekumaruwa pasina chimbuzi uye midziyo yemvura.
Mushure mekutambanudza kwaKolera Urine anodhonza muvhu kubva pasi pechimbuzi, uye mashura anoguma munzvimbo yekuchengetera iyo guta rakadururwa makore mashanu oga oga kubva 2016.
OUTII akati chirongwa chakagadzira nzvimbo dzakachengeteka dzehutsanana munzvimbo iyi. Nekudaro, zvemagariro zvesainzi zvekutsvaga zvakaratidza matambudziko mazhinji nechirongwa. Pasinei nekufunga kuti zvimbudzi zviri nani kupfuura zvakanyatsoita, zvidzidzo, kusanganisira zvimwe zvezvidzidzo zvaakatora chikamu, zvakazoratidza kuti vashandisi vanowanzoita, odili vakataura. Vazhinji vavo vanovakwa nezvinhu zvisina kunaka zvekushandisa uye hazvina kugadzikana kushandisa. Nepo zvimbuzi zvakadaro zvinofanirwa kudzivisa kunhuhwirira, iyo urini muEthekwini zvimbudzi zvinowanzoguma zvichikwira mune faecal chengetedzo, ichigadzira kunhuhwirira kunotyisa. Maererano ne odili, vanhu "vaisakwanisa kufema zvakanyanya." Uyezve, urini haina kushandiswa.
Pakupedzisira, maererano ne odili, sarudzo yekuunza urini-kutsausa zvimbuzi zvakaoma-pasi-pasi uye hazvina kuenderana nezvinodiwa nevanhu, kunyanya nekuda kwehurumende dzeveruzhinji. A 2017 yekufunda3 yakawana kuti inopfuura 95% yeEthekwini yaAthekini yaAthekwini yaida mukana kune vagari venzvimbo dzakareruka, vagari vakapfuma veguta, uye vazhinji vakaronga kuvadzinga kana mamiriro ezvinhu akabvumidzwa. MuSouth Africa, zvimbuzi zvakamboita chiratidzo chekusaenzana kwerudzi.
Nekudaro, iyo itsva dhizaini inogona kuve yekuzorora mune urinary kusiyanisa. Muna 2017, LED neRudoder Harald Grundl, mukubatana neLarsen nevamwe, Austrian Dhizaini Firm Eoos (Spun Off kubva kuEoos Inotevera) yakaburitsa musungo werini. Izvi zvinobvisa kudiwa kwemushandisi kune chinangwa, uye iyo urini diversion basa rinenge risingaonekwe (ona "rudzi rutsva rwechimbuzi").
Inoshandisa tsika yemvura kuti inamate nzvimbo (inonzi kettle maitiro nekuti inoita senge inonetsa kudonha ketine kubva kumberi kwechimbuzi kuita gomba rakasiyana (ona "sei kudzokorora urini"). Kuvandudzwa nemari kubva kuBill & Melinda Gates Foundation muSeattle yekutsvaga kweZuva Remari, iyo Musungo weChinese unogona kuiswa mune zvese kubva kune yakanyanya-yekupedza ceramic marudzi epurasitiki emapurasitiki. Kuvandudzwa nemari kubva kuBill & Melinda Gates Foundation muSeattle yekutsvaga kweZuva Remari, iyo Musungo weChinese unogona kuiswa mune zvese kubva kune yakanyanya-yekupedza ceramic marudzi epurasitiki emapurasitiki. Kuvandudzwa nemari kubva kuBill & Melinda Gates Foundation muSeattle Older Kutsvagisa Kutsvaga Kwemari,hari. Kuvandudzwa nemari kubva kuBill & Melinda Gates Foundation muSeattle, Washington, iyo Collector Counters inogona kuvakwa mune zvese kubva kune yakakwirira-inogumira kumadokero-kubva plastiki squat trays.Iyo Swiss Vagadziri Moufen iri kutoburitsa chigadzirwa chinonzi "chengetedza!" Kuti musika weEuropean, kunyangwe mutengo wawo wakakwira zvakanyanya kune vazhinji vatengi.
Yunivhesiti yeKazulu-Naten uye Ethekwini guta Council ndedzimwewo testing shanduro dzemakwenzi emasita ehurume anogona kudzikisira urini uye itsvanisire zvinhu. Ino nguva, kudzidza kunotarisa zvakanyanya pane vashandisi. Odie ane tariro kuti vanhu vachasarudza zvimbudzi nyowani-kutsauka nekuti vanonhuwirira zviri nani uye vari nyore kushandisa, asi vanorizve kuti varume vanofanirwa kugara pasi, iyo iri huru tsika. Asi kana zvimbuzi "zvichiremerwa uye zvakatorwa nevavakidzani zvakanyanya - nevanhu vanobva kwakasiyana siyana madzinza - zvichanyatsobatsira kupararira," akadaro. "Isu tinogara tichifanira kuva nerudzi rwemadzinza," akawedzera kuti ave nechokwadi chekuti havakudzirani chimwe chinhu chinoonekwa se "nhema chete" kana "murombo chete."
Urina kupatsanurwa inguva yekutanga chete mukushandura hutsanana. Chikamu chinotevera chiri kufunga zvekuita nezvazvo. Mumaruwa, vanhu vanogona kuzvichengeta mumapaketi kuti vauraye chero hutachiona uye voisa kuPurpland. World Health Organisation inoita kurudziro yeichi tsika.
Asi nharaunda yemigwagwa inonyanya kuomarara - iri ndipo panogadzirwa zvakanyanya werini. Izvo hazvingaiti kuti uvake dzinoverengeka dzakaparadzana dzakaparadzana muguta kuendesa urini kune imwe nzvimbo yepakati. Uye nekuti urini ndangosvika 95 muzana yemvura, inodhura kwazvo kuchengeta nekutakura. Naizvozvo, vatsvagiri vari kutarisa pakuomesa, kutarisisa, kana zvimwe kubvisa zvinovaka muviri kubva kune urini padanho rechimbuzi kana chivakwa, vachisiya mvura kumashure.
Hazvizive nyore, Larson akadaro. Kubva pamaonero emaginiya, "piss mhinduro yakaipa," akadaro. Pamusoro pemvura, ruzhinji ndiUrea, nitrogen-mupfumi compound kuti muviri unoburitsa seyakagadzirwa nechero protein metabolism. Urea inobatsira pane yayo: Iyo yeSynthetic vhezheni iStrogen nitrogen fetiraiza (ona nitrogen zvinodiwa). Asi zvinokunyengedzawo: Kana ukasanganiswa nemvura, Urea anoshanduka kuita Amonia, iyo inopa urine kunhuhwirira kwayo. Kana zvisina kutendeukira, amonia inogona kunhuhwirira, kusvibisa mweya, uye bvisa iyo yakakosha nitrogen. CATLELZED neUBHOTODOUS enzyme Urease, iyi maitiro, inonzi Urea Hydrolysis, inogona kutora akati wandei microseconds, kugadzira urease imwe yeanonyatsoshandisa enzymi anozivikanwa.
Dzimwe nzira dzinobvumira hydrolysiss kuti dzienderere mberi. VaEaag Vatsvagiri vakagadzira maitiro epamberi ayo anotendeuka hydrolyzed urini mune yakaomeswa inovaka mhinduro. Kutanga, muAquarium, Microorganiss inoshandura Alattile AMMONIA kupinda muAlatle Ammonium Nitrate, yakajairika fettiza. Iyo distiller wobva wapinza mvura. A subsidiary inonzi vuna, yakavakirwa zvakare muDübendorf, iri kushanda kuti vatengese hurongwa hwezvivakwa uye chigadzirwa chinonzi muWurin, icho chakatenderwa muSwitzerland kuti zvidyarwa zvekudya zvekudya.
Vamwe vanoedza kumisa iyo hydrolyis maitiro nekukasira kusimudza kana kudzikisa iyo pH yeiyo urini, iyo inowanzoita isina kwayakarerekera kana yakadzvanywa. Pamukambisi weYunivhesiti yeMichigan, rudo rwakafanana neNonogfit Pasi Pasi Pese Institute muBratlfaboro, Vermont, kugadzira zvivakwa zveCitic acid Mvura inoputika kubva kune urinals. Iyo urini inobva yasangana nekudzokororwa nekudzokorora kutonhora uye thaw5.
Chikwata cheSlue chakatungamirwa nemunharaunda mainjiniya Bjorn chando cheChinese pachitsuwa cheHourland chakawedzera nzira yekuomesa urea muUrea yakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvinovaka muviri. Chikwata chinoongorora chimbuzi chavo chazvino, chimbuzi chekusunungura neyakaomeswa-mumvura, kumisangano yemvura yeSweden mvura uye sewer Company VA SED kuMamaMalmö.
Dzimwe nzira dzinonamira munhu anovaka muviri mu urini. Vangagona kuve nyore nyore kupinda mumaketani ekugovera maFetiraiza uye maindasitiri emachinjiki, anodaro Commical William Tarpeh
Nzira yakajairika yekudzoreredza phosphorous kubva kuHydrolyZED Urina ndeye Magnesium, iyo inokonzera kupfupika kweiyo fetiraiza inonzi Struvite. Tarpeh ari kuyedza nedutu remidziyo yeAdsorbent iyo inogona kusarudza kubvisa nitrogen seammonia6 kana phosphorous se phosphate. System yake inoshandisa yakasiyana fluid inonzi mhizha inoyerera kuburikidza nemabharuni mushure mekunge yapera. Iwo mhizha anotora zvinovaka muviri uye anovandudza mabhora ekutevera kutenderera. Iyi inzira yakadzika-tech, asi yezvigaro zvekutengesa zvakashata zvakatipoteredza. Iye zvino timu yake iri kuyedza kuita zvakachipa uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvine hushamwari (ona "kusvibiswa kweramangwana").
Vamwe vaongorori vari kusimukira nzira dzekugadzira magetsi nekuisa urini mune microbial mafuta masero. MuCape Town, South Africa, imwe timu yakagadzira nzira yekugadzira zvidhinha zvisina kujairika nekuvhiringidza urini, jecha uye kugadzira mabhakitiriya kuita chiumbwa. Ivo vanokanda mune chero chimiro pasina kupfura. Iyo European Space Agency iri kufunga nezve urini yeAstronauts sechairo yekuvaka pekuvaka pamwedzi.
"Pandinofunga nezveramangwana rakawanda rekudzokorora nekudzokorodza, tinoda kudzokorodza mapopoma, tinokwanisa kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakawanda sezvinobvira," akadaro Tarpeh akadaro. "
Sezvavanenge vatsvagira vanotevera huwandu hwemazano ekutonga urini, ivo vanoziva kuti ihondo yekukwira, kunyanya indasitiri yakadzika. Feteralizer uye makambani ezvekudya, varimi, vagadziri vechimbuzi uye vatongi vanononoka kuita shanduko dzakakosha kuita maitiro avo. "Pane zvakawanda zveanertia pano," Simcha akadaro.
Semuenzaniso, kuYunivhesiti yeCalifornia, Berkeley, kutsvagisa uye kudzvanywa kuisirwa kweValaufen chengetedza! Izvi zvinosanganisira kushandisa kwevagadziri, chivakwa uye kutevedzera mitemo yemanaya - uye izvo zvisati zvaitika, akadaro Kevin Ona, iyo Injiniya Injiniya uyo anoshanda kuWest Virginia University kuMorgentantown. Akataura kuti kushomeka kwemakodhi aripo nemirairo yakagadzira matambudziko ekutarisira kwenzvimbo, saka akabatana neboka racho riri kukura makodhi matsva.
Chikamu cheiyo erttia chinogona kunge chiri chekutya kuramba kwevanhu munoshori, asi ongororo makumi maviri nemaviri mune nzvimbo dzegumi nematanhatu.
Pam Elardo, anotungamira mutungamiriri weanomesa semutariri weStivistrator yeNew York City Agency Sangano seVanhukadzi Dzimba Dzakakosha Anotarisira kuti kune guta seNew York, iyo inonyanya kushanda uye inodhura nzira yekudzidzira urini ichave isisitiki-grid masisitimu muRetrofit kana zvivakwa zvitsva, zvinowedzerwa zvinogadziriswa uye zvinounganidzwa mashandiro. Kana vatauri vanogona kugadzirisa dambudziko, "vanofanira kushanda," akadaro.
Kupiwa izvi kufambira mberi, Larsen anofanotaura kuti kugadzirwa kwakawanda uye automation ye tekinoroji yerini kusarudzika kunogona kunge kusiri kure. Izvi zvichavandudza bhizimusi kesi kuti shanduko iyi itambure manejimendi. Iye anofambidzana "ndiwo maitiro akakodzera," akadaro. "Uku ndiko chete tekinoroji iyo inogona kugadzirisa matambudziko ekudya kumba munguva inonzwisisika yenguva. Asi vanhu vanofanirwa kuita pfungwa dzavo. "
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